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The history of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom is made up of assaults on gay men, lesbians, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersexed individuals (LGBTQI), legal responses to such violence, and hate crime statistics in the United Kingdom. Those targeted by such violence are perceived to violate heteronormative rules and contravene perceived protocols of gender and sexual roles. People who are perceived to be LGBTQI may also be targeted. A hate crime is simply defined as when individuals become victimized because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual orientation.〔Stotzer, R.: (Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups ), Williams Institute, 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.〕 Hate crimes against LGBTQI people often occur because the perpetrators are homophobic. Violence targeted at people because of their perceived sexuality can be psychological and physical up to and including murder. These actions may be caused by cultural, religious, or political mores and biases. ==Prior to 1900== The first English law against homosexuality was the Buggery Act 1533, which made homosexuality punishable by death; typically hanging. It was established during the reign of Henry VIII, and was the first civil legislation applicable against sodomy in the country, such offences having previously been dealt with by ecclesiastical courts. The law defined buggery as an unnatural sexual act against the will of God and man. This was later defined by the courts to include only anal penetration and bestiality.〔''R v Jacobs'' (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse ''per anum'' by a man with a man or woman, or intercourse ''per anum'' or ''per vaginam'' by either a man or a woman with an animal. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to indecent assault or gross indecency, but do not constitute buggery (see generally: Smith & Hogan, ''Criminal Law'' (10th ed.) ISBN 0-406-94801-1)〕 The Act was repealed by section 1 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828 (9 Geo.4 c.31) and by section 125 of the Criminal Law (India) Act 1828 (c.74). It was replaced by section 15 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828, and section 63 of the Criminal Law (India) Act 1828, which provided that buggery would continue to be a capital offence. In the period from 1810 to 1835, 46 people convicted of sodomy were hanged and 32 sentenced to death but reprieved. A further 716 were imprisoned or sentenced to the Pillory, before its use was restricted in 1816. The last executions were the hangings of James Pratt and John Smith, on 27 November 1835. Buggery remained a capital offence in England and Wales until the enactment of the Offences against the Person Act 1861; However, male homosexual acts still remained illegal and were punishable by imprisonment and in 1885 section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 extended the laws regarding homosexuality to include any kind of sexual activity between males. Lesbians were never acknowledged or targeted by legislation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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